A buddy of mine did some research on the topic and looked into Terendelev, the silver dragon native to Kenabres Mendev (and starting area for the Paizo written adventure path Wrath of the Righteous).
In some of the lore of Kenabres before Pathfinder was officially Pathfinder (Paizo used the 3.5 rules at first), Paizo went into the lore of Kenabres and described Terendelev in detail, and also how she was starting to tarnish. The jist of that situation is that a tarnished metallic dragon is a dragon that has lost all hope in doing good, and have a mentality of "What's the point of doing good when all things come to an end anyway?" As a result, their scales become less vibrant, less metallic if you will, and become tarnished. Thus the term.
Redeeming a chromatic dragon is then the exact opposite of tarnishing a metallic dragon. Redeeming a chromatic dragon is when their mentality shifts from, "I will sow destruction and personal gain," to that of a classic metallic dragon, aka being a beacon of good and preservation.
Let it be known though that tarnishing or redeeming a dragon is by no means easy, and the difficulty of tarnishing or redeeming a dragon changes depending on the color, and I'd strongly recommend doing a bit more research on the matter. There's likely a wiki on tarnishing or redeeming dragons, and at the bottom the sources are listed. Look for the titles of those source books then head to The Trove and find the books in there to read. I'd include a link to The Trove at the end, but myth-weavers won't let me as per their guidelines (must make 5 posts before being able to add links and stuff).
For an example as to how the difficulty changes from dragon color, in all of Pathfinder lore there is only one tarnished Gold Dragon (Trilochan if I had to guess, the gold dragon servant of Rovagug). Likewise, there is only one ever redeemed red dragon (whose name I don't know).
I hope I was helpful.